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Statistics For Management

Introduction

Business statistics can be defined as science of good decisions which make under case of uncertainty such as financial analysis, auditing operations and production etc. It generally covers statistical study and descriptive stats for collecting, analysing and interpreting the data. Statistical analysis helps an organization or individual in representing the data and information in graphical manner (McPherson and Pincus, 2017). Present report is going to evaluate business and economic data which is obtained from published sources. For this purpose, various types of statistical methods are used such as quartiles, correlation coefficient, central tendencies etc. These methods are also applied in further business planning.  

Activity 1

a) National Statistical Data

Consumer Price Indices: 

CPI can defined as a comprehensive measure which is used for estimating price changes in goods and services as per consumption expenditures. In other words it helps in examining the weighted average of prices of consumer goods like transportation, medical care and food products (Lu and et. al.,  2013). It is calculated by measuring changing price of each item against consumption then further averaging them. Inflation period of economy is usually measured by using this concept which calculate rate at which price of items or services purchased by households either rise or fall. Therefore, it is widely used as economical indicator through which effectiveness of economical policy of government can be determined. CPI provided detail information to regulatory bodies, organisations as well as individuals about changing price of economy. While CPIH refers to consumer price index in terms of housing and considered as most comprehensive measure of inflation.   

Statistical data in terms of CPI index

Year

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun

July

2007

103.2

103.7

104.2

104.5

104.8

105

104.4

2008

105.5

106.3

106.7

107.6

108.3

109

109

2009

108.7

109.6

109.8

110.1

110.7

111

110.9

2010

112.4

112.9

113.5

114.2

114.4

114.6

114.3

2011

116.9

117.8

118.1

119.3

119.5

119.4

119.4

2012

121.1

121.8

122.2

122.8

122.3

122.5

123.1

2013

124.4

125.2

125.6

125.9

126.1

125.9

125.8

2014

126.7

127.4

127.7

128.1

128

128.3

127.8

2015

127.1

127.4

127.6

128

128.2

128.2

128

2016

127.4

127.7

128.3

128.3

128.5

128.8

129.2

2017

129.8

130.7

131.2

131.7

132.2

132.2

132.1

 

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

104.7

104.8

105.3

105.6

106.2

1256.4

109.7

110.3

110

109.9

109.5

1301.8

111.4

111.5

111.7

112

112.6

1330

114.9

114.9

115.2

115.6

116.8

1373.7

120.1

120.9

121

121.2

121.7

1435.3

123.5

124.4

126.8

126.9

127.5

1484.9

126.4

126.8

126.9

127

127.5

1513.5

128.3

128.4

128.5

128.2

128.2

1535.6

128.4

128.2

128.4

128.3

128.5

1536.3

129.2

129.4

129.5

129.8

130.4

1546.5

132.9

133.2

133.4

133.9

134.3

1587.6

 

Year

Total

2007

1256.4

2008

1301.8

2009

1330

2010

1373.7

2011

1435.3

2012

1484.9

2013

1513.5

2014

1535.6

2015

1536.3

2016

1546.5

2017

1587.6

Retail Price Index:

It provides a list of price of particular goods and services which entail the changing rate of cost of living changes on monthly basis (Lam, 2012). It also refers as a primary tool for determining the way people are experiencing fall or rise in price rates. Therefore, it can be calculated as a weighted average of price of those household goods which are bought by end customers.

Statistical data in terms of RPI Index

Year

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

Jun

July

2007

201.3

203.1

204.4

205.4

206.2

207.3

206.1

2008

209.8

211.4

212.1

214

215.1

216.8

216.5

2009

210.1

211.4

211.3

211.5

212.8

213.4

213.4

2010

217.9

219.2

220.7

222.8

223.6

224.1

223.6

2011

229

231.3

232.5

234.4

235.2

235.2

234.7

2012

238

239.9

240.8

242.5

242.4

241.8

242.1

2013

245.8

247.6

248.7

249.5

250

249.7

249.7

2014

252.6

254.2

254.8

255.7

255.9

256.3

256

2015

255.4

256.7

257.1

258

258.5

258.9

258.6

2016

258.8

260

261.1

261.4

262.1

263.1

263.4

2017

265.5

268.4

269.3

270.6

271.7

272.3

272.9

 

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

207.3

208

208.9

209.7

210.9

2478.6

217.2

218.4

217.7

216

212.9

2577.9

214.4

215.3

216

216.6

218

2564.2

224.5

225.3

225.8

226.8

228.4

2682.7

236.1

237.9

238

238.5

239.4

2822.2

243

244.2

245.6

245.6

246.8

2912.7

251

251

251

252.1

253.4

2999.5

257

257.6

257.7

257.1

257.5

3072.4

259.8

259.6

259.5

259.8

260.6

3102.5

264.4

264.9

264.8

265.5

267.1

3156.6

274.7

275.1

275.3

275.8

278.1

3269.7

 

Year

Total

2007

2478.6

2008

2577.9

2009

2564.2

2010

2682.7

2011

2822.2

2012

2912.7

2013

2999.5

2014

3072.4

2015

3102.5

2016

3156.6

2017

3269.7

b) Charts of statistical data

Chart of Consumer Price Index from year 2007-2017:

p93

 Chart of Retail Price Index from year 2007-2017:

p94

c) Differences between CPI, CPIH and RPI Indices

CPI

CPIH

RPI

It can be defined as a weighted average value of purchased goods and services.

It refers to new measure of price inflation from ONS (Keller,  2015).

It is used for revalorisation of taxation or excise duty and uprating the index-linked gilts as well.

It measures the consumer price inflation which is produced to international standards.

It is based on CPI which measures housing costs of goods and services purchased by final consumers.

It shows changes in cost of living.

This method is mostly used by regulatory bodies to determine changes in price of particular products (Melnykov, 2013).

This type of technique is used ONS (Office for National Statistics) for publishing a high range of indices which is also called the consumer price index including housing costs.  

It is generally used by business, government and economists for measuring the inflation rate.  

 

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d) Usage of Consumer price Index data for calculating annual inflation

Annual inflation rate can be defined as changes in price of particular products where regulatory bodies use consumer price index method to calculate the same. This would help organisations to decide expansion (Jessop, 2016). As per above national statistical data, consumer value list in the year 2017 has been measured as 1587.6 which is much increased as per previous year 2016 which is approximate 2% as ascended rate of expansion.

e) Importance of determining rate of inflation

Inflation can be defined as increase in price level of certain goods and services over a particular period of time in economy. Whenever price of products are hiked then it directly impacts on purchasing power of people. This would also impact on demand of items also therefore, it affects economical condition of country both in negative and positive manner ( Paté‐Cornell, 2012). Government and public organisations measure inflation rate in order to determine expansion rate of economy with cost of living index.

Also Read: Developing Global Management Competencies Level 3 GSM london Unit 5

M1 Evaluation of sources other than the NSO with regard to the gender pay gap

It has analysed from National Statistics data that organisations of UK provide employment to male candidates mostly as compared to female. It leads to causes high gender gap as subjected to Consumer Index Price in this nation. For example- As per survey, it has evaluated that under textiles group, the gender pay gap is recorded as 88% that shows it pay less consideration to female working staff then males (Gender pay gap in UK, 2018).

M2 Differences in statistical application in activity 2

In activity 2, for calculating median of given data, O-give curve has used while other  variables like quartiles, standard deviations and interquartile range, frequency distribution has taken. The main difference among both methods is that ogive curve is easy to interpret the result while frequency distribution method requires a tough calculation. But in terms of accuracy, frequency distribution gives more accurate and correct data as compared to graphical representation.  

D1 Difference between descriptive, exploratory and confirmatory analysis with examples

Descriptive

Exploratory

Confirmatory

· It aims at exploring the situations of a research in detailed manner.

· It describes  functions and characteristics of data

· It focuses on giving insights into and an understand of issues faced by investigators during collection of data.

· It discovers new ideas and thoughts.

· It uses traditional methodology like significance, confidence and inference to evaluate evidence of data.

· It covers all basis of gathering, presenting and testing the evidence of data.

M3 the use of the statistical methods used in activity 3

In order to manage the inventories and handle stock level properly, it is better to use Economic order quantity analysis, This costing method helps in analysing the optimum quantity of orders, re-orders as well as stock levels. Furthermore, purchasing cost, cost per order and carrying cost is evaluated to analyse inventory policy cost.

D2 Recommendation and judgements made in activity 3

Using economic order quantity, owners of Jenny Jones gets success to manage quality of inventory and complete order of customers on time. Further, it is recommended to its management team to ascertain the reorder level structure for avoiding additional overhead expenses and overcome from shortage of cost as well.

M4 Justification regarding graphical representations used in activity 1 and 2

Bar charts and O-give curve methods of graphical representation are used to represent the data of Activity 1 and Activity 2. O-give helps in evaluating the median and quartiles of data while Bar chart is to represent the CPI and RPI data of Statistical National of year 2007 to 2017.

D3 Use of graphical and tabular representations used in 1 and 2 activities

Both tabular and graphical representation of data is essential to summarise the entire data into single form. Tabular formation is used to represent National Statistics data into quantitative manner which is helpful for analysing data in more appropriate manner. While O-give curve is used to analyse the basic difference among hourly earning by staff member of Manchester and London area.

Activity 2

Hourly pay rates in different regions of UK

a) O-give curve to determine Median

O-give curve can be defined as a statistical tool to measure median of a particular data. It represent data into graphical manner by plotting frequency of data against cumulative distribution functions (Hecke, 2012). In general, O-give curve can be classified into major parts Less-Than and More-than. Under less-than type O-give curve, upper limit of class interval is plotted against corresponding cumulative frequency. While more than type of O-give curve is used lower class limit. The point where both kinds of curves are meet is considered as median of the particular data.

More than O-give curve

 Hourly earning in Euro

(Class Interval)

No. of Leisure central staff

(f)

More than O-give

Cumulative frequency

Below 10

4

More than 0

50

10 but under 20

23

More than 10

46

20 but under 30

13

More than 20

23

30 but under 40

7

More than 30

10

40 but under 50

3

More than 40

3

Total

50

 

 

Less than O-give Curve

 Hourly earning in Euro

(Class Interval)

No. of Leisure central staff

(f)

Less than O-give

Cumulative frequency

Below 10

4

Less than 10

4

10 but under 20

23

Less than 20

27

20 but under 30

13

Less than 30

40

30 but under 40

7

Less than 40

47

40 but under 50

3

Less than 50

50

Total

50

 

 

 

O-give curve

 p92

From the above graphical representation, Median obtained is approximate £19.0 for hourly earning for leisure centre staff of London area (Zhou and Luo, 2015). While interquartile range can be obtained as :

Q1 can be defined as first quartile range which is calculated by taking 25% of data. While Q3 is sated as third quartile range that used 75% of total population. Along with this, Inter-quartile range can be defined as a quantum of statistical dispersion it is also known as mid spread  and middle 50%. It is first quartile which is subtracted from third quartile. It is mainly a quota of variability which is based on dividing  of a data set into quartiles. Inter-Quartile is basically a measure where extended values lies.

Q1 = L + (N/4 – cf)/ f X h                      Here l = 10, f = 23, h = 10 and N/4 = ∑F/4 = 12.5, cf = 4

     = 10 + (12.5 – 4)/ 23 x 10

     = 10 + 85/ 23

     = 13.7

Q3 = L + (3N/4 – cf)/ f X h              Here l = 20, f = 13, h = 10 and 3N/4 = ¾ of ∑F = 37.5, cf =27

     = 20 + (37.5 – 27) / 13 x 10

     = 20 + 105/13

     = 28.07

So, Inter-quartile range can be obtained as = Q3 – Q1

                                                                                                                      =  (28.07-13.7)

                                                                      = 14.0 (approx)

b) Mean and standard deviation for hourly earnings of London area

Mean:

It is average of range of quantities or values calculated by adding all data and after then divide it by total of all numbers. End  result is mean or average which is also called arithmetic mean as well. This is most common measure of mid-point in a set of values . It is use to derive central tendency of data in a question (Zyphur and Oswald, 2013). This type of statistical calculation erase accidental errors. This will help to acquire more accurate conclusion. Mean also helps in interpretation of statistical data.

Median:

It is a value that separates higher half from lower half in a given data sample. It is commonly use to measure properties of set of a data. It is very easy to understand and simple to calculate. Median can be use as location parameter in large descriptive statistics. To identify median, an individual arrange observation in a order from small to large value. If odd number is there in observation, then middle value is median (Bedeian, 2014). Whereas if even number is there in observation , then average of two middle value is median.

Standard Deviation: 

It can be calculated as square root of variance. Standard deviation helps in measuring spread of data about mean value. There are mainly two types of standard deviations which includes population and sample standard deviation. It is a measure which is use to compute amount of given variations in a data value sets. Standard deviations of statistical population, data sets, random variable and probability distribution is square root of their variance (Haimes, 2015). It is mainly use to measure assurance in a statistical conclusion.

Mean is calculated by taking average of sum of observation as shown below: 

 Hourly earning in Euro

(Class Interval)

No. of Leisure central staff

(f)

Middle data

 

(x)

 

 

(F*x)

Middle data

 

(x2)

 

 

(F*x2)

 

Below 10

4

5

20

25

100

10 but under 20

23

15

345

225

5175

20 but under 30

13

25

325

625

4225

30 but under 40

7

35

245

1225

8575

40 but under 50

3

45

135

2025

6075

Total

50

 

1070

 

24150

Working notes:

Mean = ∑Fx / ∑F

           = 1070/50

           =  21.4

Standard deviation = √ (∑Fx2 / ∑F) - (∑Fx / ∑F)2

                               =  √(24150/50) – (21.4)2

                                                      = √483 – 457.96

                                  = √25.04

                                  = 5. 0 (approx)

Thus, as per above calculation, mean and standard deviation for London area are obtained as £21.4 and £5.0 respectively.

c) Comparison of earning of London and Manchester area

Hourly earning for leisure centre staff in Manchester area:

Median

£14.00

Interquartile Range

£7.50

Mean

£16.50

Standard Deviations

£7.00

 

Hourly earning for leisure centre staff in London area:

Median

£19.00

Interquartile Range

£14.00

Mean

£21.40

Standard Deviations

£5.00

 

Therefore, on comparing the above data, it has interpreted that hourly earning for leisure centre staff of London area is more than Manchester area.

More Suggestions: 

Activity 3

a) Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

EOQ refers to optimum quantity of goods that can be bought only at one time for minimising the annual total cost  to order holding items in inventory (Barrett and et. al.,  2012). This method is used by organisations in order to minimise cost of inventory as well as can meet needs of customers on time.  

Economic Order Quantity can be calculated by using below mentioned formula :

EOQ =  √(2 x demand x cost per order) / cost of holding per unit of inventory)

EOQ = √( 2 x D x Co / Ch)

        Where,    D = Demand per year;

                       Co = Cost per order;

                       Ch = Cost of holding per unit of inventory

According to present case, Demand of t-shirt is 2000 and cost per t-shirt is £5; cost of holding=2 

EOQ = √ (2 x 2000 x 5)/2

         = 100 Units

  1. b) Re Order tee-shirts

The EOQ method is generally used to measure re-order point through which organisations can control inventories as well as can fulfil demand of customers on time (Andreeva and Kianto, 2012). If any business runs out of its inventory level of stock then it leads to cause shortage in cost. This would also taken as revenue lost as under this condition, company cannot become able to fill an order on time. Therefore, as per present scenario, Ms Jones needs to order tee-shirts in following manner:-  

Re-order level (ROQ) = (Lead time x daily average usage) + safety stock

                                      = (28 x 2)+150

                                      = 206 units

Frequency of Re-order = Demand per year / ROQ

                                        = 2000 / 206

                                        = 9.7 or 10 days

c) Calculation of inventory policy cost

Inventory Policy Cost = Purchase cost + Cost per order + Carrying cost

                                      = 10 + 5 + 2

                                      = £17  

The inventory cost is £17 because inventory includes all the cost of maintaining stock.

  1. d) Current service level to customers

Current Level of service = Demand per week x Availability of t-shirt

                                    =   40 x 95%

                                    =   38 units

  1. e) Work out the re-order level to achieve desired service level

Re-order level (ROQ) = (Lead time x daily average usage) + safety stock

= (28 x 2) + 150

= 206 units

Activity 4

a) Charts and tables on the basis of office of national statistics produce line

CPI (Consumer Price Index)

 

Year

Total

2007

1256.4

2008

1301.8

2009

1330

2010

1373.7

2011

1435.3

2012

1484.9

2013

1513.5

2014

1535.6

2015

1536.3

2016

1546.5

2017

1587.6

Retail price index

Year

Total

2007

2478.6

2008

2577.9

2009

2564.2

2010

2682.7

2011

2822.2

2012

2912.7

2013

2999.5

2014

3072.4

2015

3102.5

2016

3156.6

2017

3269.7

 

b) An O-give curve of cumulative % of staff versus hourly earning

More than O-give curve of cumulative % staff versus hourly earning

 Hourly earning in Euro

(Class Interval)

No. of Leisure central staff

(f)

In percentage form

More than O-give

Cumulative frequency

Below 10

4

8.00%

More than 0

50

10 but under 20

23

46.00%

More than 10

46

20 but under 30

13

26.00%

More than 20

23

30 but under 40

7

14.00%

More than 30

10

40 but under 50

3

6.00%

More than 40

3

Total

50

 

 

 

 

Less than O-give curve of cumulative % staff versus hourly earning

 Hourly earning in Euro

(Class Interval)

No. of Leisure central staff

(f)

In percentage form

Less than O-give

Cumulative frequency

Below 10

4

8.00%

Less than 10

4

10 but under 20

23

46.00%

Less than 20

27

20 but under 30

13

26.00%

Less than 30

40

30 but under 40

7

14.00%

Less than 40

47

40 but under 50

3

6.00%

Less than 50

50

Total

50

 

 

 

O-give Curve:

p95 

Conclusion

This mentioned report defines the importance of statistics in collecting, measuring, analysing and interpreting the data. For measuring inflation and deflation period of economy, governmental bodies or organisations can use number of statistical methods. It includes consumer price index, retail price index, central tendencies like mean, median, standard deviations etc. In addition to these methods, tools like economical order quantity can help companies in minimising their inventory cost as well as complete order of customers on time.  

References

  • Andreeva, T. and Kianto, A., 2012. Does knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance. Journal of knowledge management. 16(4). pp.617-636.
  • Barrett, K. C and et. al.,  2012. IBM SPSS for introductory statistics: Use and interpretation. Routledge.
  • Bedeian, A. G., 2014. “More than meets the eye”: A guide to interpreting the descriptive statistics and correlation matrices reported in management research. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 13(1).  pp.121-135.
  • Haimes, Y. Y., 2015. Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hecke, T. V., 2012. Power study of anova versus Kruskal-Wallis test. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems. 15(2-3).  pp.241-247.
  • Jessop, A., 2016. StatsNotes: Some Statistics for Management Problems. World Scientific Books.
  • Keller, G., 2015. Statistics for Management and Economics, Abbreviated. Cengage Learning.

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